U.S. Scientists Win Nobel Prize in Medicine for DNA Discovery

MONDAY, Oct. 7, 2024 (HealthDay News) — A pair of American scientists have won the 2024 Nobel Prize in medicine for their discovery of microRNA, tiny genetic molecules that play a crucial role in how genes shape the body.

The research of Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun “revealed a new dimension to gene regulation, essential for all complex life forms,” including human beings, the Nobel committee wrote in a Monday news release announcing the honor.

Gene regulation by microRNA has been at work for hundreds of millions of years, enabling the evolution of increasingly complex organisms, the Nobel committee said.

But until Ambros and Ruvkun’s discovery, microRNA remained a hidden influence.

A better understanding of microRNA’s role in genetics could lead to better treatments for diseases like cancer, diabetes and autoimmune disorders, the Nobel committee said.

“We know from genetic research that cells and tissues do not develop normally without microRNAs,” the committee wrote. “Abnormal regulation by microRNA can contribute to cancer, and mutations in genes coding for microRNAs have been found in humans, causing conditions such as congenital hearing loss, eye and skeletal disorders.”

Ambros is a professor of natural science at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, and Ruvkun is a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School.

Every cell in a person’s or animal’s body contains their entire genetic code, meaning that each cell carries an instruction manual for how to create any cell in a body.

However, the body contains very different cell types like muscle, skin and nerve cells. How do these specialized cells choose what part of the genetic code to follow in their development?

The answer lies in gene regulation, the process by which each cell selects only the instructions relevant to it. “This ensures that only the correct set of genes is active in each cell type,” the Nobel committee explained.

At the time of Ambrose and Ruvkun’s discovery, scientists had thought they fully understood the process of gene regulation because it had been shown that specialized proteins called transcription factors could control the flow of genetic information.

“Since then, thousands of transcription factors have been identified, and for a long time it was believed that the main principles of gene regulation had been solved,” the committee wrote. “However, in 1993, this year’s Nobel laureates published unexpected findings describing a new level of gene regulation, which turned out to be highly significant and conserved throughout evolution.”

Their initial discovery centered around a “relatively unassuming 1-millimeter-long roundworm” called C. elegans, the committee wrote. Even though it’s tiny, the roundworm possesses many specialized cell types like nerve and muscle cells also found in larger and more complex animals.